Spiritual warfare in Africa: Towards understanding the classical model in light of witchcraft practices and the Christian response

The socio-religious panorama of the African religion deserves a close observation its foundation and function. perception spirit world is dominant in Africa. Similarly, spiritual warfare context prevalent mind worldview an African. Spiritual derives framework from Traditional Religion (ATR). Hence, understanding ATR’s complexity helps us with warfare. Some essential questions to understand would be what ATR perspective? How do Africans perceive warfare? And how engage What place acknowledges reality functionality witchcraft. evil forces Africa attracts all forms rites, seeking more extraordinary powers for defensive offensive This article argues that effectual Christian response witchcraft practices ‘the classical model’ provides synopsis models warfare, is, model (CW), systems (WSM), ground-level deliverance (GLDM), strategic-level (SLSW). Subsequently, traditional contemporary perspectives. Lastly, Evangelical Response rooted Contribution: contributes religiosity within context. It reveals ongoing argument about continuity discontinuity beliefs Christianity. adds evangelical or arguments support